• Dominant pattern: invasive electrical stimulation and recording served as primary tools to perturb and map brain excitability, seizure initiation and spread, using chronically implanted electrodes, nerve stimulation, and implantable transmitters across monkey/cat models [7], [10], [8], [11], [4], [19], [5], [17], [20], [15].

• Diagnostic/evoked-potential patterns: photic stimulation and evoked responses were employed to characterize epilepsy, sensory-cortex relationships, and subcortical activity, informing diagnostic classification and localization efforts [9], [6], [18].

• Mechanistic epileptogenesis/hyperexcitability: animal models and brain-region perturbations explored seizure thresholds, hypersynchrony, and spread, highlighting hypothalamus/reticular formation roles, epileptogenic foci, and cortical circuitry dynamics [5], [17], [4], [11], [19], [8].

• Therapeutic neuromodulation outside epilepsy: electrical stimulation approaches to treat non-neural disorders, notably neurogenic bladder, detrusor stimulation, and related motor-neural control, demonstrating functional benefits of implantable stimulation devices [15], [20], [16].